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Sunglasses, use 'em if you got 'em!

Sunglasses don't just make you look cool, they also provide a barrier to some of the negative effects of the suns rays.

Key Benefits

Sunglasses have been popular with people for years, both for comfort and as a fashion accessory. Ophthalmologists (medical eye doctors) now believe there is another reason to wear sunglasses-to protect the long-term health of your eyes. Results from a dozen studies over the last 10 years suggest that long hours in the sun without proper eye protection increase your chances of developing eye disease.

Outdoors: Summer

In 1988, a group of ophthalmologists studied 838 Chesapeake Bay fishermen who had spent years working on the water. The fishermen who wore no eye protection had three times as many cataracts as those who wore sunglasses or a brimmed hat. A cataract is a clouding of the eye's natural lens. Based on this study and others, ophthalmologists now recommend that you wear UV-absorbent sunglasses and a brimmed hat whenever you're in the sun long enough to get a suntan or a sunburn, especially if you live at a high elevation or near the equator.

Outdoors: Winter

Just like the reflective qualities of water for UV rays so to does snow provide problems when unprotected eyes spend time outdoors in the winter. In winter remember to protect your eyes from UV rays by wearing UV-absorbent sunglasses for activities like skiing, snowmobilng, snow shoeing, Ice Fishing, skating... or In fact any winter outdoor activity should include protective eyewear.

Conflicting claims

Manufacturers have developed new sunglasses designed to protect eyes from the sun's harmful effects. They promise protection from ultraviolet light and other kinds of natural radiation. It is more important to protect your eyes from some kinds of light than others.

"Blocks 99% of ultraviolet rays"

You should always buy sunglasses with this feature. Long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight is linked to eye disease. Both plastic and glass lenses absorb some UV light, but UV absorption can be improved by adding chemicals to the lens material during manufacturing or by applying special lens coatings. Shop for sunglasses that block 99 or 100% of all UV light. Some manufacturers' labels say "UV absorption up to 400nm." This is the same thing as 100% UV absorption.

"Blocks 90% of infrared rays"

Infrared wavelengths are invisible (they are longer than light rays that you can see) and produce heat. Sunlight has low levels of infrared rays, and the eye tolerates infrared well. Some sunglasses manufacturers make health claims for their products based on infrared protection, but research has not shown a close connection between eye disease and infrared rays.

"Blue-blocking"

Whether blue light is harmful to the eye is still controversial. Lenses that block all blue light are usually amber and make your surroundings look yellow or orange. The tint supposedly makes distant objects appear more distinct, especially in snow or haze. For this reason, amber sunglasses are popular among skiers, hunters, boaters and pilots.

"Polarized"

Polarized lenses cut reflected glare - sunlight that bounces off smooth surfaces like pavement or water. They can be particularly useful for driving and fishing. Polarization has nothing to do with UV light absorption, but many polarized lenses are now combined with a UV-blocking substance. Check the label to make sure the lenses provide maximum UV protection.

"Mirror-coated"

Mirror finishes are thin layers of various metallic coatings on an ordinary lens. Although they do reduce the amount of visible light entering your eyes, do not assume they will fully protect you against UV radiation.

"Wraparound"

Wraparound glasses are shaped to keep light from shining around the frames and into your eyes. Studies have shown that enough UV rays enter around ordinary eyeglass frames to reduce the benefits of protective lenses. Large-framed wraparound sunglasses can protect your eyes from all angles.

"Gradient"

Gradient lenses are permanently shaded from top to bottom or from top and bottom toward the middle. Single-gradient lenses (dark on top and lighter on the bottom) can cut glare from the sky but allow you to see clearly below. They are useful for driving because they don't dim your view of the dashboard. But they're not as good on snow or at the beach, especially if they're clear on the bottom. Double-gradient lenses (dark on top and bottom and lighter in the middle) may be better for sports where light reflects up off the water or snow, such as sailing or skiing. Double-gradient lenses are not recommended for driving, because they make the dashboard appear dim.

"Photochromic"

A photochromic glass lens automatically darkens in bright light and becomes lighter in low light. Most of the darkening takes place in about half a minute, while the lightening takes about five minutes. They come in a uniform or gradient tint. Although photochromic lenses may be good UV-absorbent sunglasses (again, the label must say that), it takes time for them to adjust to different light conditions.

"Ground and polished"

Some non-prescription glasses are ground and polished when they are manufactured to improve the quality of the lenses. Non-prescription lenses that are not ground and polished will not hurt your eyes. You do want to make sure that the lenses you buy are made properly. To judge the quality of non-prescription sunglasses, look at something with a rectangular pattern such as floor tile. Hold the glasses at a comfortable distance and cover one eye. Move the glasses slowly from side to side, then up and down. If the lines stay straight, the lenses are fine. If the lines wiggle, especially in the center of the lens, try another pair.

"Impact resistant"

All sunglasses must meet impact standards set by the Federal Food and Drug Administration. No lens is truly unbreakable, but plastic lenses are less likely than glass lenses to shatter when hit by a ball or stone. Most non-prescription sunglass lenses are plastic. Polycarbonate plastic, used in many sports sunglasses, is especially tough but scratches easily. If you buy polycarbonate lenses, look for ones with scratch-resistant coatings.

Lens darkness

A medium lens is good for day-to-day wear, but if you use the glasses for very bright conditions, choose a darker lens. The color and the degree of darkness do not tell you anything about the lenses' ability to block UV light.

Those at special risk

There are some people who are at greater risk for UV-related eye damage. People with certain eye diseases, such as macular degeneration or retinal dystrophies, need to protect their eyes whenever they go outside, no matter how briefly.

Cataract surgery patients

One million Americans have cataract surgery each year. During this procedure, the eye's natural lens is removed, leaving the eye more vulnerable to UV light. During or after cataract surgery, the natural lens is usually replaced by an intraocular lens (IOL). Older intraocular lenses absorb much less UV light than ordinary glass or plastic eyeglass lenses. Manufacturers of IOLs now make many of their products UV absorbent. If you have had cataract surgery and your IOL is not the newer UV-absorbent type, you may want to wear sunglasses and a hat for added protection.

Contact lens wearers

Contact lenses by themselves will not protect your eyes from UV light. Many types of contact lenses are available with UV protection. If you do not have contact lenses that absorb UV light, you still need to protect your eyes with sunglasses.

Photosensitizing drugs

Photosensitizing drugs--drugs that make your skin more sensitive to light --can make your eyes more sensitive to light as well. You should discuss precautions with your ophthalmologist if you are taking any of the following drugs:

	Psoralens (used in treating psoriasis);
	Tetracycline;
	Doxycycline;
	Allopurinol;
	Phenothiazine.

Wear UV-absorbent sunglasses and a hat whenever you go outside for as long as you take the drug.

Special situations

Ordinary sunglasses, even the best, cannot protect your eyes from certain intense light sources. Arc welding, tanning lights, snowfields or gazing directly at the sun (especially during a solar eclipse) can damage your eyes. Looking at any of these light sources without adequate protection can cause a painful corneal condition called photokeratitis or even a permanent loss of central vision.